Head Injuries

Most head bumps are minor — the skull is hard and protects the brain. But some head injuries are serious: skull fracture, concussion, or traumatic brain injury (TBI). India has a high burden of head injuries, largely from road traffic accidents — two-wheeler crashes in particular. Wearing an ISI-marked helmet while riding a two-wheeler (required by law under the Motor Vehicles Act) and a seatbelt in a car reduces risk dramatically.

Head injuries can be closed (no break in the skull) or open/penetrating (an object pierces the skull). Closed injuries can be just as serious as open ones.

Common causes: road traffic accidents, falls (especially in older adults and young children), violence, and sports injuries.

When to seek urgent help

Go to a hospital immediately — or dial 112 — if the injured person has any of:

• A headache that gets worse or won't go away
• Repeated vomiting or nausea
• Convulsions or seizures
• Inability to wake up, or unusual drowsiness
• One pupil larger than the other
• Slurred speech
• Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
• Loss of coordination or balance
• Increasing confusion, restlessness, or agitation
• Clear fluid or blood from the nose or ears
• Any loss of consciousness, even briefly

Doctors use a neurological exam and imaging (CT or MRI) to diagnose head injuries. Treatment depends on the type and severity. Even "minor" concussions need rest and careful observation for 24-48 hours — return of symptoms means going back to the hospital.