Streptococcal Infections

Streptococcal ("strep") infections are caused by the Streptococcus family of bacteria. They include common, mild illnesses like strep throat and impetigo, as well as more serious conditions like rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, and some serious skin and bloodstream infections.

Common streptococcal infections

• Strep throat — sore throat with fever, swollen glands, white patches on tonsils. Common in children.
• Scarlet fever — rash with strep throat
• Impetigo — skin infection with yellow crusts
• Cellulitis and erysipelas — deeper skin infections with spreading redness
• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis — kidney reaction after strep infection
• Rheumatic fever — immune reaction 2-4 weeks after untreated strep throat; can permanently damage heart valves (rheumatic heart disease, still significant in India)
• Invasive "flesh-eating" infections — rare but very serious
• Streptococcal toxic shock — rare, life-threatening
• Group B Streptococcus (GBS) — screening in late pregnancy prevents neonatal infections

Why strep throat matters

Most sore throats are viral and don't need antibiotics. But a strep throat — caused by Streptococcus pyogenes — does, because untreated infection can progress to rheumatic fever and long-term heart damage. In India's context, this is particularly important — rheumatic heart disease remains a major public health issue.

Symptoms of strep throat

• Sudden, severe sore throat
• Fever over 38°C
• Swollen, tender glands in the neck
• White patches or streaks on the tonsils
• Headache, nausea, sometimes abdominal pain (more common in children)
• Usually NO cough, runny nose, or hoarseness — those suggest a viral cause instead

Diagnosis and treatment

A rapid strep test or throat culture confirms diagnosis. Treatment is a full course of antibiotics (usually penicillin or amoxicillin, safe and effective). Completing the course matters — not for the sore throat alone, but to prevent rheumatic fever. Pain relievers help with symptoms.

When to see a doctor

Sore throat with high fever, white tonsil patches, swollen glands, or ongoing for more than a few days — especially in children. For any strep infection with spreading rash, severe pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling of face — go to hospital urgently.