Gastritis

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining. It can come on suddenly (acute) or develop slowly over time (chronic). Most cases are mild and settle with treatment; chronic, untreated gastritis can lead to ulcers and, rarely, stomach cancer.

Common causes

• H. pylori infection — a bacterium that colonises the stomach lining. Extremely common in India (some studies suggest 60-80% of adults are infected). Often silent; when it causes symptoms, it leads to gastritis and ulcers.
• NSAIDs — ibuprofen, diclofenac, aspirin, especially with long-term use
• Alcohol — heavy or frequent use
• Stress from severe illness, surgery, or trauma
• Autoimmune gastritis — the immune system attacks the stomach lining; less common
• Bile reflux, viral or fungal infection — less common

Symptoms

• Burning pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
• Nausea or vomiting
• Feeling full quickly when eating
• Loss of appetite
• Bloating
• Dark or tarry stools (a sign of bleeding — see a doctor urgently)

Symptoms of gastritis overlap with heartburn, indigestion, and peptic ulcers — a doctor may need investigations (usually endoscopy and testing for H. pylori) to sort them out.

Treatment

• Acid-suppressing medicines — proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers; your doctor will prescribe the right one
• H. pylori eradication — if infection is confirmed, a short course combining an acid-suppressant with antibiotics
• Stop or reduce NSAIDs — switch to paracetamol where possible, or take NSAIDs with protection
• Avoid alcohol and smoking
• Lifestyle — smaller, more frequent meals; avoid spicy/oily foods during flare-ups; don't lie down right after eating

Go to a doctor urgently if you have blood in vomit, black or tarry stools, severe or persistent pain, unintended weight loss, or difficulty swallowing — these can signal ulcer bleeding or more serious conditions that need investigation.