Endoscopy

Endoscopy uses a flexible tube with a camera at the tip to look inside parts of the body — most commonly the digestive tract. It allows a Health Expert to both see problems directly and, often, treat them in the same session (remove polyps, stop bleeding, stretch narrowings).

Common types

• Upper GI endoscopy (gastroscopy / OGD) — through the mouth; looks at oesophagus, stomach and first part of small intestine.
• Colonoscopy — through the anus; looks at the entire large bowel.
• Sigmoidoscopy — a shorter version, only the lower colon.
• ERCP — specialised endoscopy of bile and pancreatic ducts.
• Bronchoscopy — the breathing passages.
• Cystoscopy — the bladder.
• Capsule endoscopy — a swallowed camera that takes pictures as it passes through.

When these tests are needed

• Persistent upper abdominal pain, severe acidity, difficulty swallowing, unexplained vomiting or weight loss.
• Black stools, vomiting blood, or unexplained anaemia.
• Persistent change in bowel habits, blood in stool, unexplained weight loss.
• Colon cancer screening from age 45-50 — especially with family history.
• Persistent cough with blood; suspicious lung findings.
• Blood in urine or bladder symptoms needing direct visualisation.

What to expect

• Fasting — usually for 6-8 hours before upper endoscopy; bowel preparation (a laxative drink) for colonoscopy.
• Sedation — most procedures use light sedation; some centres offer general anaesthesia.
• The procedure itself usually takes 15-45 minutes.
• Rest for a few hours after sedation; don't drive.
• Most people can eat within a few hours.

Risks (uncommon)

• Sore throat after gastroscopy.
• Bloating or mild cramps after colonoscopy.
• Small risk of bleeding or perforation (hole), particularly after biopsy or polyp removal.
• Reactions to sedation.
• Tell a Health Expert urgently about severe pain, fever, or heavy bleeding after the procedure.

Endoscopy is widely available in Indian cities and most district hospitals; costs vary widely. For colon cancer screening, it is the gold-standard test — speak to a Health Expert about timing, especially if there's a family history.