Condoms

Condoms are thin barriers worn during sex to prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. They are among the most widely available and affordable forms of contraception, and the only widely-used method that also offers significant STI protection.

Types

• External (male) condoms — worn over the penis. Usually made of latex; polyurethane or polyisoprene versions are available for latex allergy.
• Internal (female) condoms — inserted into the vagina or anus before sex. Less common but an important option for people who want to control protection themselves.

How effective are they?

• For pregnancy prevention — when used correctly every time, external condoms are about 98% effective. With typical use (including occasional errors), effectiveness drops to around 82% — so consistent and correct use matters.
• For STI prevention — condoms substantially reduce the risk of HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, hepatitis B, trichomoniasis, and syphilis. They offer some (but not complete) protection against infections spread by skin contact — HPV, herpes.

Using condoms correctly

• Check the expiry date and that the wrapper isn't damaged
• Open the packet carefully (no teeth, scissors) to avoid tearing
• Put the condom on before any genital contact
• For external condoms: pinch the tip to leave space for semen, then roll down the shaft
• Use only water-based or silicone-based lubricants with latex condoms — oil-based products (Vaseline, coconut oil, lotions) break down latex
• After ejaculation, hold the base and withdraw while still erect to prevent spillage
• Remove, tie, and dispose of in a bin — not flushed down the toilet
• Use a new condom every time

Availability in India

Condoms are available widely — chemists, supermarkets, online — without a prescription. The Government of India distributes free condoms through public health centres under the National AIDS Control Programme and the Family Planning Programme, and through NGO networks. Social marketing brands make them very low-cost nationally.

Combining condoms with another contraceptive method (oral contraceptive pill, IUD) is highly effective at preventing pregnancy while still offering STI protection.