Alzheimer's Disease

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain condition that seriously affects thinking and memory. With Alzheimer's, these changes eventually make it difficult to reason, learn new skills, or manage daily activities. Alzheimer's is not a normal part of ageing — it is a disease, and the changes get worse over time.

Dementia in general affects about 57 million people worldwide (WHO, 2021), with nearly 10 million new cases every year. Over 60% of people with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries, including India, where population ageing is rapidly increasing the burden.

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

People with Alzheimer's often have trouble remembering recent events or the names of people they know. Symptoms change over time and can vary day to day. Late-onset Alzheimer's begins at age 65 or older (most common). Early-onset Alzheimer's begins before 65 and is uncommon.

Some symptoms include:

• Getting lost in familiar places
• Repeating the same question
• Not recognising family members
• Trouble speaking, reading, or writing
• Difficulty with self-care — bathing, eating, grooming

As Alzheimer's progresses, people may become anxious or aggressive, wander, or lose the ability to care for themselves. In advanced stages, people need total care — which can be emotionally and physically demanding on family members.

Who is more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease?

The exact cause is not fully understood. Age is the biggest risk factor; a family history of Alzheimer's also raises risk, though it is not always present. The disease likely involves a combination of age-related brain changes, genetics, health conditions, and lifestyle.

Conditions associated with higher risk include:

• Hearing loss
• Depression
• Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
• Concussion or other traumatic brain injury
• High blood pressure
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Smoking and heavy alcohol use

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) causes more memory problems than expected for someone's age. Many — but not all — people with MCI go on to develop Alzheimer's.

How is Alzheimer's disease diagnosed?

Several medical conditions can cause memory loss or Alzheimer's-like symptoms. If you or a family member notice significant changes in memory, see a doctor. Diagnosis may involve:

• Medical history and review of current medicines
• Tests of memory, thinking, and problem-solving
• Questions about changes in behaviour or personality
• Tests to rule out other medical or mental health conditions
• Referral to a geriatrician or neurologist for specialised assessment

What are the treatments for Alzheimer's disease?

There is no cure for Alzheimer's. Some medicines can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms, but they do not work for everyone. Most care focuses on supporting day-to-day functioning and well-being — regular routines, safe home environment, activities the person enjoys, and support for family carers. In India, community mental-health services are available through district-level government programmes; memory clinics are available at larger hospitals.

Can Alzheimer's disease be prevented?

You cannot change age or family history, but several lifestyle steps can support brain health and may lower risk:

• Keep chronic conditions — high blood pressure, diabetes, hearing loss — well-controlled
• Stay physically active — regular walking, yoga, or any activity you enjoy
• Eat a healthy diet — fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lentils, nuts
• Don't smoke; limit alcohol
• Get enough sleep
• Stay socially connected — family, friends, community
• Keep mentally active — reading, puzzles, learning