Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (also called hay fever when seasonal) is inflammation of the inside of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to airborne allergens. It's extremely common in India — dust mites, air pollution, pollen, and mould spores are all frequent triggers.

Symptoms

• Sneezing — often repetitive bouts
• Runny or blocked nose
• Itchy nose, throat, eyes, or roof of the mouth
• Watery, red eyes
• Headache or face pressure
• Tiredness from poor sleep (from blocked nose)
• Coughing (post-nasal drip)

Common triggers in India

• Dust mites — live in bedding, curtains, upholstery; a major year-round trigger in Indian homes
• Pollen — seasonal; mustard, grass, and tree pollens are notable
• Mould spores — rise during monsoon
• Air pollution — particulate matter and diesel fumes make rhinitis worse, even if they aren't themselves allergens
• Pet dander, cockroach allergens, incense / agarbatti smoke

Treatment

A combination of avoiding triggers and medicines usually works well:

• Reduce exposure — wash bedding in hot water weekly, use mattress covers, vacuum regularly, keep windows closed when outdoor pollution/pollen is high, use a mask outdoors on high-AQI days
• Saline nasal rinses — simple, inexpensive, and effective
• Antihistamines — a range of non-drowsy options is available
• Nasal steroid sprays — the most effective medicine class; takes a few days to reach full effect
• Decongestant sprays — only for short-term relief (3-5 days max); longer use causes rebound congestion
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots or tablets) — for severe cases, available at specialised allergy clinics

Allergic rhinitis often occurs with asthma — if you wheeze or have chest tightness as well as nasal symptoms, tell your doctor.