Dental & Oral

Dental health is one of the most neglected parts of Indian preventive care. Over half of adults have untreated tooth decay, and gum disease is even more common.

Tooth decay (dental caries) is the gradual destruction of the enamel and underlying tooth by acids made by bacteria feeding on sugars. It is the most common chronic disease in the world — and in India, where most people don't visit a dentist regularly, much of it goes untreated until pain starts.

Gum disease (periodontal disease) is inflammation and destruction of the tissues that support the teeth. It starts as gingivitis — reversible, painless, bleeding gums — and can progress to periodontitis — bone loss around teeth, loose teeth, eventual tooth loss.

Bad breath (halitosis) is most often a sign of something going on in the mouth — plaque, tongue coating, cavities, or gum disease. Occasionally it points to an ENT or digestive problem, and rarely to systemic disease.

Orthodontia (orthodontic treatment) straightens misaligned teeth and corrects bite problems. It's cosmetic at the simple end and genuinely functional at the complex end.

Dry mouth (xerostomia) is more than an annoyance — saliva protects teeth from decay, lubricates speech and swallowing, and contains antibacterial factors. Persistent dryness leads to rapid dental decay, fungal infections, and poor nutrition.

Voice disorders affect the way the voice sounds — hoarseness, weakness, breathiness, whispery voice, or pain. Most are short-lived from a cold or voice overuse.

Dentures are removable replacements for missing teeth. Modern alternatives — fixed bridges and dental implants — are often better when they are practical.