Menstruation

Menstruation (periods) is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining in women of reproductive age. A normal cycle lasts 21-35 days; bleeding for 2-7 days; most women lose about 30-80 ml of blood. Variations are common, and knowing what is your normal helps spot what isn't.

What is not normal — see a Health Expert

• Periods heavier than usual — flooding through protection, large clots, anaemia.
• Periods lasting more than 7 days.
• Cycles shorter than 21 days or longer than 35 days persistently.
• Bleeding between periods or after sex.
• No periods for 3 months (rule out pregnancy first).
• Severe period pain that stops you functioning.
• Any bleeding after menopause — always needs evaluation.

Common causes of problem periods

• PCOS — very common in Indian women; irregular cycles, weight changes, acne.
• Thyroid disease — over- or under-active.
• Fibroids and adenomyosis — heavy, prolonged periods.
• Endometriosis — severe period pain, pain with sex.
• Infection (pelvic inflammatory disease).
• Bleeding disorders.
• Stress, rapid weight change, eating disorders — can stop or delay periods.
• Contraceptive methods — can change bleeding patterns; usually not dangerous.

Period hygiene and products

• Sanitary pads, tampons, and menstrual cups are all safe when used correctly. Cups are reusable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly.
• Change pads every 4-6 hours, tampons every 4-8 hours.
• Low-cost pads are available through local pharmacies, anganwadis, and some government schemes.
• Period is not dirty; there is no religious or biological reason to restrict your movement — work, exercise, cook, worship normally if you wish. Customs vary by family; do what makes you comfortable.
• Wash hands before and after changing. Dispose wrapped in newspaper or a bin — don't flush pads.

When to see a Health Expert

Any of the "not normal" points above; severe pain affecting life; suspected anaemia from heavy bleeding (fatigue, pallor, breathlessness on exertion); concerns about fertility. Most problems have clear diagnoses and effective treatments — talk openly.