Macular Degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) damages the macula — the small central part of the retina that gives sharp, straight-ahead vision. It blurs or blanks out the centre of what you see, while side vision stays. It is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults and is becoming more common in India as the population ages.

Two types

• Dry AMD — commoner; gradual thinning of the macula over years.
• Wet AMD — less common but more aggressive; abnormal blood vessels leak fluid or blood. Sudden vision loss possible. Treatable if caught early.

Symptoms

• Blurred or fuzzy central vision.
• Straight lines look wavy or crooked.
• A blank or dark spot in the centre of vision.
• Difficulty reading, recognising faces, threading needles.
• Colours look less vivid.
• Side vision remains normal.

Red flags — urgent eye check

• Sudden distortion of straight lines.
• Sudden central dark spot.
• Sudden blurring in one eye.
• These suggest wet AMD — the treatment window is short.

Risk factors

• Age over 60.
• Smoking — doubles the risk.
• Family history.
• High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
• Diet low in green leafy vegetables.
• Prolonged UV exposure.

Treatment

• Dry AMD — no cure, but specific vitamin/antioxidant combinations (AREDS2 formulation) slow progression in some cases. A Health Expert advises whether they fit.
• Wet AMD — eye injections (anti-VEGF) given into the eye, usually monthly at first. Widely available in Indian ophthalmology centres; can stop or reverse wet AMD if started early.
• Low-vision aids (magnifiers, large-print, audio books) help preserve independence.

Prevention

• Don't smoke.
• Eat plenty of leafy greens, fish (or plant omega-3 sources) and colourful vegetables.
• Control BP and blood sugar.
• Use sunglasses with UV protection.
• Annual eye check after 60 — AMD is often found before symptoms are obvious.